FM1.1 Deepwater coastal inlets

FM1. Semi-confined transitional waters biome

FM1

Profile summary

Full profile at https://global-ecosystems.org/explore/groups/FM1.1

Brief description

Ecosystems in these deep, narrow inlets were mostly formed by glaciers and subsequently flooded (e.g. fjords). They have some features of open oceans, but are strongly influenced by freshwater inflows and the surrounding coast. Productivity by phytoplankton is seasonal and limited by cold, dark winters. Oxygen may be limited in the deepest parts of these systems. The diverse biota includes invertebrates and fish, such as jellyfish and salmon, and predatory marine mammals such as killer whales.

Key features

Strong gradients between adjacent terrestrial and freshwater systems,e.g. fjords. Seasonaly abundant plankton, jellies, fish and mammals..

Overview of distribution

Glaciated coastlines (current or historical) in polar or cool-temperate regions.

Map description

Known locations of fjords where selected from a global geographical gazetteer (GeoNames 2020) and the composite gazetteer of Antarctica (SCAR 1992-2020). We further selected related coastal areas from a global coastal typology (Type IV in Dürr et al. 2011) and the adjacent marine shelves to 2000 meter depth (Becker et al 2009). A composite map was created at 30 arc seconds spatial resolution in geographic projection, occurrences were then aggregated to half degree spatial resolution and reclassified as major occurrences (cells with at least one known occurrence) and minor occurrences (cells with > 5% occurrence of coastal/marine shelf areas). Minor occurrences were clipped to a 10km buffer along the coast to remove inland and oceanic areas..

Map code and version: FM1.1.web.map v1.0. DOI

Version history

Profile versions

  • v2.1 (2022-04-06): DA Keith; EJ Gregr; A Lindgaard; TS Bianchi.1
  • v2.01 (NA): NA.
  • v2.0 (2020-05-27): DA Keith; EJ Gregr; A Lindgaard; TS Bianchi.
  • v1.0 (2020-01-20): DA Keith; EJ Gregr; A Lindgaard.

Available maps

Read more details about the current map versions here.

  • Indicative Map (code: FM1.1.IM.alt, version v3.0)
  • Web navigation (code: FM1.1.web.map, version v1.0)

Read more details about older or alternative versions of maps for this functional group.

  • Web navigation: replaced (code: FM1.1.web.alt, version v3.0)
  • Indicative Map: discarded (code: FM1.1.IM.alt, version v2.0)
  • Indicative Map: discarded (code: FM1.1.IM.orig, version v1.0)
  • Web navigation: requires review (code: FM1.1.web.orig, version v1.0)

References

Main references

References used in the different versions of the profiles.

  • Bianchi TS, Arndt S, Austin WEN, Benn DI, Bertrand S, Cui X, Faust JC, Koziorowska-Makuch K, Moy CM, Savage C, Smeaton C, Smith RW, Syvitski J (2020) Fjords as Aquatic Critical Zones (ACZs) Earth-Science Reviews 203, 103145 DOI:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103145
  • Salvanes AGV (2001) Review of ecosystem models of fjords; new insights of relevance to fisheries management Sarsia 86:441-463
  • Zaborska A, Włodarska-Kowalczuk M, Legeżyńska J et al. (2018) Sedimentary organic matter sources, benthic consumption and burial in west Spitsbergen fjords – Signs of maturing of Arctic fjordic systems? Journal of Marine Systems 180: 112–123

Map references

References used in the different versions of the maps (current and discarded).

  • Becker JJ, Sandwell DT, Smith WHF, Braud J, Binder B, Depner J, Fabre D, Factor J, Ingalls S, Kim S-H, Ladner R, Marks K, Nelson S, Pharaoh A, Trimmer R, Von Rosenberg J, Wallace G, Weatherall P (2009) Global Bathymetry and Elevation Data at 30 Arc Seconds Resolution: SRTM30_PLUS, Marine Geodesy 32: 355-371. DOI:10.1080/01490410903297766
  • Dürr, H. H., G. G. Laruelle, C. M. van Kempen, C. P. Slomp, M. Meybeck and H. Middelkoop (2011) Worldwide Typology of Nearshore Coastal Systems: Defining the Estuarine Filter of River Inputs to the Oceans Estuaries and Coasts 34(3), 441-458 DOI:10.1007/s12237-011-9381-y
  • GeoNames (2020) The GeoNames geographical database [https://www.geonames.org] Accessed in Feb 2020
  • Harris PT, Macmillan-Lawler M, Rupp J, Baker EK (2014) Geomorphology of the oceans. Marine Geology 352: 4-24. 10.1016/j.margeo.2014.01.011
  • Secretariat SCAR (1992, updated 2020). Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. GCMD Metadata
  • Spalding MD, Fox HE, Allen GR, Davidson N, Ferdaña ZA, Finlayson M, Halpern BS, Jorge MA, Lombana A, Lourie SA, Martin KD, McManus E, Molnar J, Recchia CA, Robertson J (2007) Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. Bioscience 57: 573–583. DOI:10.1641/B570707

Footnotes

  1. This is the current version available at official site.↩︎