F2.2 Small permanent freshwater lakes

F2. Lakes biome

F2
Modified

July 5, 2024

Profile summary

Full profile at https://global-ecosystems.org/explore/groups/F2.2

Brief description

With a surface area of up to 100 km2, the diversity of small permanent lakes, ponds and pools depends on their size, depth and connectivity. Littoral vegetation and benthic energy pathways are critical to productivity and food web complexity. Deep lakes have plankton, supporting fish, birds and frogs, in different habitats of the lake. Shallow lakes are often more productive, providing breeding habitat for birds, frogs and reptiles, but limited buffering against nutrient inputs may result in regime shifts between alternative stable states dominated either by large aquatic plants or phytoplankton.

Key features

Small permanent freshwater lakes or ponds with niche diversity strongly related to size and depth, and resource subsidies from catchments. Littoral zones and benthic macrophytes are important contributors to productivity.

Overview of distribution

Predominantly in humid temperate and tropical regions.

Map description

Freshwater ecoregions (Abell et al. 2008) were identified as containing occurrences of these functional groups if: i) their descriptions mentioned features consistent with those identified in the profile of the Ecosystem Functional Group; and ii) if their location was consistent with the ecological drivers described in the profile. Within those areas, locations of small lakes (<100km2), excluding artificial lakes (inclusion on types 1 and 3 only), were taken from the HydroLAKES database (Messager et al. 2016) and combined with global estimates of surface water phenology (classes 1, 2 and 7 from Pekel et al. 2016), occurrences were aggregated to 10 minutes spatial resolution..

Map code and version: F2.2.web.mix v2.0, available at DOI

Version history

Profile versions

  • v2.1 (2022-04-06): RT Kingsford; B Robson; R MacNally; L Jackson; F Essl; M Kelly-Quinn; K Irvine; S Bertilsson; DA Keith.1
  • v2.01 (NA): NA.
  • v2.0 (2020-06-01): RT Kingsford; B Robson; R MacNally; L Jackson; F Essl; M Kelly-Quinn; K Irvine; S Bertilsson; DA Keith.
  • v1.0 (2020-01-20): RT Kingsford; RC Mac Nally; LJ Jackson; F Essl; DA Keith.
  • v1.0 (2020-05-20): RT Kingsford; RC Mac Nally; LJ Jackson; F Essl; DA Keith.

Available maps

Read more details about the current map versions here.

  • Indicative Map (code: F2.2.IM.mix, version v2.0)
  • Web navigation (code: F2.2.web.mix, version v2.0)

Read more details about older or alternative versions of maps for this functional group.

  • Indicative Map: discarded (code: F2.2.IM.alt, version v2.0)
  • Indicative Map: discarded (code: F2.2.IM.mix, version v1.0)
  • Web navigation: requires review (code: F2.2.web.orig, version v1.0)
  • Indicative Map: discarded (code: F2.2.IM.orig, version v1.0)
  • Web navigation: duplicated (code: F2.2.web.map, version v1.0)

References

Main references

References used in the different versions of the profiles.

  • Jeppesen E, Jensen JP, Søndergaard M, Lauridsen T, Pedersen LJ, Jensen L (1997) Top-down control in freshwater lakes: the role of nutrient state, submerged macrophytes and water depth Shallow Lakes ’95 pp.151–164. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 119. Springer, Dordrecht DOI:10.1007/978-94-011-5648-6_17
  • Schindler DE, Scheuerell MD (2002) Habitat coupling in lake ecosystems Oikos 98:177-189

Map references

References used in the different versions of the maps (current and discarded).

  • Abell R, Thieme ML, Revenga C, Bryer M, Kottelat M, Bogutskaya N, Coad B, Mandrak N, Contreras Balderas S, Bussing W, Stiassny MLJ, Skelton P, Allen GR, Unmack P, Naseka A, Ng R, Sindorf N, Robertson J, Armijo E, Higgins JV, Heibel TJ, Wikramanayake E, Olson D, López HL, Reis RE, Lundberg JG, Sabaj Pérez MH, Petry P (2008) Freshwater ecoregions of the world: A new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation, BioScience 58: 403–414. DOI:10.1641/B580507
  • Beck, H., Zimmermann, N., McVicar, T. et al. (2018) Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution Sci Data 5, 180214 DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.214
  • Messager, M.L., Lehner, B., Grill, G., Nedeva, I., Schmitt, O. (2016) Estimating the volume and age of water stored in global lakes using a geo-statistical approach Nature Communications 13603 DOI:10.1038/ncomms13603
  • Pekel JF, Cottam A, Gorelick N, Belward AS (2016) High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes Nature 540, 418-422 DOI:10.1038/nature20584

Footnotes

  1. This is the current version available at official site.↩︎